Understanding the difference between 5G Networks and 4G LTE

The dawn of 5G technology is pivotal moment in telecommunications history by revolutionizing connectivity. With unprecedented speeds, near-zero latency, and the power to connect billions of devices, 5G NR and 5G RedCap is all set for making a commercial buzz.

Even when the world is buzzing over the introduction of the 6th Generation, it is evident that still we haven’t unearthed the full potential of 5G networks and its applications in the commercial and industrial world. The critical transition from 4G to 5G, including the bridging between generations like 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) with 4G's Evolved Packet Core  and the future of pure 5G: Standalone (SA) architecture exhibits revolutionary potential.

Though the 5G deployments have been on the exponential path, there remains a group of users and even industries that have not tapped into the abilities offered by 5G technology. In this blog, we will discuss the key differences between 5G and 4G LTE networks, and explore the enhanced capabilities that 5G.

Sunsetting of 3G Technology

3G technology was introduced in 3GPP Release 99 (1999). It revolutionized mobile communication by enabling mobile internet and multimedia services beyond basic voice and SMS, setting the foundation for the mobile internet-driven era.

The following is the milestones in the evolution of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), which is a third-generation (3G) mobile communication technology.

Release 99 (Original UMTS):
• First UMTS standard
• Data rates up to 384 kbps
• Used WCDMA air interface
Release 5: HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
• Enhanced downlink speeds up to 14.4 Mbps
• Also known as 3.5G
Release 6: HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)
• Enhanced uplink speeds up to 5.76 Mbps
• Combined with HSDPA, known as HSPA
Release 7/8: HSPA+ (Evolved High-Speed Packet Access)
• Also known as 3.75G or 3.9G
• Theoretical speeds up to 42 Mbps downlink

The 3G networks showcased widespread mobile internet access, allowing the users to browse websites, check emails, and perform other online activities directly on their mobile devices. It also introduced the ability to send and receive multimedia messages (MMS), including photos, audio, and video clips, enhancing the traditional SMS experience.

There were several other options powered by 3G till the introduction of 4G technology. But as the devices and the connectivity demands advanced, 3G’s limitations in speed, capacity, and efficiency became apparent, paving the way for newer, faster standards—4G and 5G.

The sunsetting of 3G networks marked a significant transition in network connectivity technology, and telecom operators are re-farming the 3G spectrum and infrastructure to free up resources for more advanced networks.

Understanding the Predecessor: Introduction of 4G Networks

The 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) released the 4G wireless network technology in Release 8 of December 2008. This release marked the first set of standards that defined LTE technology, laying the groundwork for 4G networks.

With the massive breakthrough of 4th Generation network technology in mobile network connectivity, it gave capabilities more efficient than its predecessors like 3G & 2G. With higher data speeds up to 100 Mbps theoretically, lower latency around 20-50 milliseconds, and enhanced reliability compared to 3G networks, 4G networks supported high-definition video streaming, mobile gaming, and faster web browsing.

4G LTE (also known as 4G Long-Term Evolution) works on a packet-switching method of data transmission. 4G also enables more efficient and effective use of higher bandwidth for applications like video streaming and online gaming.

4G networks have also been a strong pillar in IoT and M2M applications, supporting connectivity for various connected devices. It enables them to collect and transmit data and facilitate communication between devices and machines for various industrial and automation applications.

Later in 2011, with the 3GPP Release 10, LTE-Advanced was defined which met the ITU's requirements of 4G for providing higher data rates, improved spectral efficiency, and supporting carrier aggregation. This led to the introduction of LTE categories like LTE Cat 1, LTE Cat 4, LTE Cat 6, and more.

What are you missing on: 5G Networks Versus 4G LTE

5G Networks v/s 4G LTE

For instance, imagine a manufacturing enterprise that relies on Wi-Fi and 4G networks for its daily operations. While functional, their network struggles with frequent latency issues, limited device connectivity, and occasional downtime that disrupts real-time operations and data analysis.

The case is no different for our elderly generation, many of whom still rely on 4G or basic keypad phones. While these devices serve their primarily calling and texting needs, they miss out on the transformative benefits of 5G, such as high-speed video calls with family, instant access to telehealth services, and real-time navigation updates that can greatly enhance their mobility and safety.

Now, you would also be curious to know how respective sectors can leverage 5G technology for better operational efficiency and network reliability.

What is 5G? The 5th Generation Network Technology

5th Generation Network Technology was released in the 3GPP Release 15 in June 2018 focusing on the 5G Non-Standalone mode of operation. It leverages the existing 4G infrastructure (towers and base stations) without spending a considerable cost.

5G, the fifth generation of mobile network technology, offers significant improvements over its predecessors. By utilizing higher frequency bands like millimeter waves and sub-6GHz, it allows faster data transmission. 5G networks also employ massive MIMO technology and other advanced technologies to transmit and receive data in real time with enhanced capacity.

It achieves lower response times compared to 4G, enabling real-time communication crucial for applications like remote surgeries and self-driving cars. 5G technology is more flexible with advanced techniques like network slicing, virtualization, and SDN, and dedicates specific network resources for different applications, optimizing the performance of 5G networks.

With 5G dominant mobile access technology, the congestion over the networks is eliminated, enabling users to experience higher speed, less latency, limited interference, and enhanced efficiency.

5G mid-band networks are considered a soft spot for achieving better coverage and network capacity with all user activities having an average time-to-content of less than 1.5 seconds. 5G has turned out to be the best candidate for different slices of IoT applications.

Learn in Detail: 5G Non-Standalone and 5G Standalone Deployment of 5G Networks

5G Non-Standalone and 5G Standalone Deployment of 5G Networks

5G Non-Standalone or 5G NSA

5G NSA, otherwise known as 5G Non-Standalone, is a 5G network architecture using 5G RAN (Radio Access Network) anchoring to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core) network. This means 5G NSA deployments are basically a combination of the existing 4G LTE architecture with 5G RAN, making it the easiest deployment option for optimizing the available 4G infrastructure.

Hybrid Deployment of 5G NSA

In the current situation, most of the 5G deployments happen in the hybrid mode, i.e., most of the carriers may switch to new 5G equipment, but the core remains 4G Evolved Packet Core.

What is 4G EPC?

The 5G RAN operating on the legacy 4G LTE is known as 4G EPC or 4G Evolved Packet Core. 4G EPC is a fundamental component of the 4G LTE network, efficiently managing data routing, mobility management, QoS, and security. It plays a critical role in managing user data and signaling traffic efficiently, ensuring efficient communication between user devices and the internet or other networks.

This core helps in providing high-speed IP-based internet access for a variety of services like HD streaming, VoLTE communications, and other applications. It is also responsible for managing data and signaling traffic across the network.

Functions of 4G EPC in 5G NSA Deployments

• In 5G NSA deployments, the EPC is still utilized, but with some enhancements to support the new 5G New Radio (NR) technology.
• NSA deployments showcase dual connectivity, allowing devices to connect to both 4G LTE and 5G NR simultaneously. With EPC managing these connections, dual connectivity becomes necessary for maintaining seamless service continuity as users move between 4G and 5G coverage areas.
• EPC supports a full IP-based communication architecture, simplifying network operations, reducing latency, and enabling more flexible service deployment when compared to older circuit-switched networks.
• EPC allows for dynamic QoS management, ensuring different types of traffic (e.g., voice, video, data) are handled according to their specific needs, improving the user experience.
• EPC’s modular architecture allows for scalable deployment, supporting the addition of new services and functionalities, such as VoLTE or VoNR, IoT-specific optimizations, and early integration with 5G networks.

Role of 5G RAN in 5G NSA

5G RAN (Radio Access Network) is a critical component of the 5G network. It is responsible for connecting end-user devices (smartphones, IoT devices, etc.) to the broader telecom network. It facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and the core network, enabling the transmission of data, voice, and other services.

• 5G RAN uses 5G NR technology consisting of sub-6 GHz (mid-band) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands, allowing significantly higher data rates, lower latency, and improved capacity.
• It supports licensed, unlicensed, and shared spectrum, enabling network operators to utilize existing and new spectrum assets more efficiently for reliable communication.
• 5G RAN leverages network slicing in full capacity, which allows network operators to create multiple virtual networks over a single physical infrastructure. Each slice can be tailored to meet specific requirements, such as high bandwidth for enhanced mobile broadband or low latency for critical IoT applications.
• 5G RAN provides flexible deployment architectures—centralized RAN (C-RAN) and distributed RAN (D-RAN). C-RAN centralizes baseband processing functions, improving efficiency and simplifying upgrades, while D-RAN keeps processing at the cell site.
• There is also a newer approach, Open RAN (O-RAN), which promotes interoperability between different vendors' equipment, allowing operators to mix and match components from different suppliers.

Limitations of 5G NSA Using 4G LTE Core

In 5G NSA, although these components enhance the performance, it can only enable 5G-equipped endpoints to receive some but not all benefits of 5G. It only provides higher connection speed, improved latency, and increased capacity.

5G NSA using 4G LTE Core cannot offer 5G capability beyond radio connectivity, i.e., while the air interface between the network and devices is upgraded to 5G, the core capabilities are limited, reducing the 5G potential to only establishing the radio link between UE and base stations. Therefore, 5G NSA can only be seen as a bridging technology in the transition to 5G SA.

Disadvantages of 5G Non-Standalone

• Dependency on 4G Core (EPC): The monolithic 4G core infrastructure creates bottlenecks in performance in 5G NSA, particularly when handling higher data rates and device density expected with 5G.
• Inefficient resource allocation: NSA employs both 4G and 5G networks. This leads to inefficient use of spectrum and resources as the 4G network still handles some of the control plane functions. Also managing the dual connectivity adds complexity, leading to suboptimal resource allocation and increased operational costs for network operators.
• Reduced Energy Efficiency: NSA's dual connectivity and reliance on 4G infrastructure also lead to higher power consumption compared to 5G SA, which is optimized for energy efficiency through advanced sleep modes and more efficient use of resources. The increased power usage of NSA networks can also contribute to higher operational costs and a larger carbon footprint.
• Lack of end-to-end network slicing: While 5G NSA supports only basic network slicing, it lacks the full end-to-end slicing capability of 5G SA. This restricts the ability to customize virtual networks and tailor them to specific service requirements. This reduces the flexibility and efficiency of the 5G NSA network. It also reduces the service quality of critical applications that require dedicated network resources.

5G Standalone or 5G SA

5G Standalone or 5G SA

• When talking about 5G standalone, the core is converted into a cloud-native 5G core along with 5G RAN. With a 5G compliant core and RAN, now 5G networks can realize the full capabilities of 5G networks.
• 5G SA deployment helps to connect 5G devices like mobile phones, hotspots, cars, and fixed wireless modems with the broad spectrum including mmWave and Sub 6-GHz to the respective base stations (gNodeB (gNB)). 5G networks also incorporate small cells in the network for limiting the congestion and seamlessly distributing traffic over the network.
• 5G Standalone or 5G SA is a cellular infrastructure built for 5G services to incorporate 5G standards and protocols. 5G SA stands for an end-to-end true 5G network employing 5G network core and 5G radio network. 5G SA is theoretically found to support connection density of 1 million devices over 1 square kilometer.

What all advantages does 5G Standalone get from cloud native 5G core?

Advantages of 5G Standalone

• Service-based Architecture (SBA): The 5G Core is based on a service-based architecture where network functions are modular, unlike the monolithic structure of the 4G core and can be deployed as independent services. This flexibility allows operators to limit the time in introducing new services, scale specific functions independently, and update individual components with nearly no downtime. SBA promotes interoperability between network functions through standardized APIs, making it easier to integrate and communicate within the network.
• Cloud-native Design: The cloud-native 5G Core can dynamically scale resources up or down based on demand, using containerization and orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. Microservices-based deployment helps improve the resilience of the network, leading to efficient resource allocation and cost savings, especially during peak usage periods or for specific services. Even if any service fails, it doesn’t bring down the entire system, ensuring reduced downtime and more robust network performance.
• Customizable network slices: 5G Core enables network slicing, which allows operators to create multiple virtual networks over a single physical infrastructure, each optimized for specific use cases (e.g., high bandwidth for enhanced mobile broadband, low latency for URLLC). The 5G core has end-to-end slicing capabilities, allowing a comprehensive, application-specific slice that extends across the RAN, transport channels, and core.
• Lower Latency and Improved Performance: The 5G Core is designed to minimize latency with more direct routing paths and the ability to bring data processing closer to the user through edge computing integration, significantly improving response times. By leveraging advanced features like user plane function (UPF) separation, the 5G Core can handle higher data throughput, enhancing overall network performance.
• Edge-Centric Architecture: The 5G Core supports seamless integration with Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC), enabling low-latency services for processing data closer to the end-user, which is crucial for applications like AR/VR, autonomous driving, and industrial automation.

Where does 4th Generation and 5th Generation Network Technology Vary From Each Other?

Summing it Up! How is 5G Technology Better than 4G networks?

How is 5G Technology Better than 4G networks

Speed and Capacity

• 5G utilizes a new radio interface technology called 5G NR, designed for higher bandwidth and improved efficiency compared to LTE used in 4G. 5G NR allows for combining multiple frequency bands simultaneously, effectively increasing the available bandwidth for data transmission.
• 5G employs denser antenna arrays for both base stations and user equipment with massive MIMO, enabling more efficient transmission and reception of data streams.

Latency

• 5G offers significantly lower latency than 4G networks, with an average range of 1 to 10 milliseconds (ms) in ideal conditions. 5G has a shorter air interface utilizing shorter transmission frames compared to 4G, reducing the time it takes for data to travel between devices and the network.
• 5G allows technologies like Network Slicing i.e., virtualizing the network and creating dedicated slices with specific latency guarantees for different applications, prioritizing real-time services.

Spectrum Efficiency

• 5G employs beamforming techniques that focus radio signals toward specific user devices, reducing interference and improving efficiency.
• 5G utilizes more advanced modulation schemes like higher-order Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) to pack more data into each transmission packet.

Cavli Wireless 4G LTE and 5G Cellular Connectivity Modules

Closing Notes

The introduction of 5G Technology has implemented various advanced technologies that enhanced the capabilities of the present cellular networks. While 4G revolutionized mobile connectivity, 5G takes it a step further, offering blazing-fast speeds, and near-instantaneous response times, with the potential to transform industries. As 5G infrastructure expands and technology matures, it promises to usher in a new era of connected experiences with 5G NSA and 5G SA deployments.

The introduction of 5G networks represents a seismic shift in the telecommunications landscape, far surpassing its predecessor, 4G, in both capacity and capability, redefining the boundaries of digital connectivity.

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