Hi Adam, I recently came across the term "Private LTE." I understand it's used for more controlled connectivity environments, but could you elaborate on how it's implemented technically?
A Private LTE (Long-Term Evolution) network is a cellular network designed to provide secure and reliable wireless communication for enterprises, public safety organizations, and other entities requiring dedicated, safer connectivity compared to public networks. Private LTE networks utilize dedicated radio equipment, core network servers, and spectrum (which could be licensed, unlicensed, or shared like CBRS in the US) to create a controlled network environment.
As the name suggests, does Private LTE work only on LTE communication standards, or is it scalable?
That's a great question, especially as we move towards 5G network integration. While Private LTE starts with 4G LTE technology, it can integrate with newer standards such as 5G. Private LTE networks are scalable and this integration often utilizes a Non-Standalone (NSA) architecture where the 5G network is deployed in conjunction with the existing LTE network. By utilizing Non-Standalone (NSA) 5G Architecture, the existing LTE infrastructure acts as an anchor for the control plane, facilitating smooth handovers and dual connectivity with 5G New Radio (5G NR) for enhanced throughput and capabilities.
Is Private LTE secure enough to be used in organizations with stringent data security requirements?
Private LTE traffic can be segmented and tightly controlled through advanced firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS). These capabilities allow network operators to detect and respond to threats in real-time. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) helps ensure that users and devices have access only to the network resources necessary for their roles. This minimizes potential damage from insider threats and limits the scope of access for any compromised accounts or devices. Private LTE networks with threat detection, and firmware security, elevate dynamic security adaptation, zero trust architecture, DDoS protection, and more.
Private LTE: The Network Ninja for Safeguarding your Network and Powering your Business
Sir James mentions he still has many points to clarify regarding Private LTE. If you're also looking to understand more about Private LTE, you're in the right place. We're about to delve into private wireless cellular networks and their evolution with technological advancements. Before we dive into Private LTE, let's explore how the transition from public to private networks has occurred.
What are Public Networks? Understanding the Predecessors of Private Networks
The first wireless networks were public networks, introduced in the 1980s. These networks were designed for mass-market use and were primarily utilized for voice calls.
The first public wireless network was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in the United States, launched in 1983.
Initially, these networks were analog, but they transitioned to digital with the introduction of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) in the 1990s.
Public cellular networks are commercial services provided by mobile network operators (MNOs), licensed by the government. MNOs must follow strict regulations to ensure quality of service and security. Although their services are available through subscription plans, their coverage area is determined by the specific MNOs (like AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, and Reliance) according to the region.
Private LTE Networks : The Rise of your Enterprise's Own Ninja Warriors in Disguise
However, public networks, being given open access to the public, are less secure and more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. It is advisable to avoid accessing sensitive information on public networks or use virtual private networks (VPNs) to enhance security and protect personal data.
For enterprises and organizations, accessing critical information on a public network is a
pitfall due to its security vulnerabilities, even though these networks can provide better coverage.
Therefore, the solution is
Private LTE networks—a cellular network that offers wide coverage, extended device capacity, higher data throughput, increased speeds, and enhanced network security.
The Upgrade from Public to Private: Experiencing Next-Gen Connectivity with Private LTE
The 1990s-2000s marked the emergence of private networks to cater to specific industries or organizations where communication is critical, such as emergency services, transportation, and industrial control systems.
Private LTE networks are specialized wireless communication systems leveraging small cells instead of Wi-Fi access points, allowing organizations to have complete control over their network infrastructure, ensuring enhanced security, reliability, and customization.
Private LTE network
Unlike public LTE networks operated by telecom carriers, private LTE networks operate on licensed or unlicensed spectrum owned or leased by the organization, providing dedicated connectivity for mission-critical applications.
Private networks were typically based on proprietary technologies, such as Motorola's Digital Private Mobile Radio (DPMR) or Ericsson's Mobile Radio System (MRS). Organizations across various sectors, such as manufacturing, utilities, mining, and public safety, are adopting private LTE networks to support digital transformation initiatives.
Stepping into Futuristic Connectivity with Private 5G Networks
The introduction of 5G technology marked a significant milestone in the evolution of wireless networks. 5G was designed to provide faster data rates, lower latency, and greater connectivity than its predecessors. 5G was initially deployed for public wireless networks, but it soon found applications in private networks as well.
Private 5G networks are designed for specific industries or organizations, providing secure, reliable, and high-performance connectivity for applications such as industrial automation, smarter cities, and healthcare.
Private 5G networks offer:
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Improved Efficiency
Private 5G networks enhance efficiency by delivering high-speed, low-latency connectivity for critical applications, ensuring reliable performance in demanding environments.
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Increased Security
These networks provide enhanced security measures and data protection, safeguarding sensitive information from potential threats.
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Customized Solutions
Private 5G networks offer tailored solutions designed to meet the specific needs of various organizations or industries, optimizing operations and functionality.
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Cost Savings
By reducing reliance on public network infrastructure and services, private 5G networks can lead to significant cost savings for businesses.
The Ultimate Network Knockout: Public LTE vs. Private LTE vs. Private 5G
| Parameter | Public Networks | Private LTE Networks | Private 5G Networks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infrastructure | Shared infrastructure | Dedicated infrastructure | Dedicated infrastructure |
| Spectrum | Shared spectrum | Dedicated spectrum | Dedicated spectrum |
| Bandwidth | Typically 5 MHz to 20 MHz per channel | 10 MHz to 20 MHz per channel | 100 MHz and higher per channel |
| Frequency | Various bands (600 MHz to 6 GHz) | 600 MHz to 6 GHz | Sub-6 GHz and mmWave (24 GHz to 100 GHz) |
| Resources | Shared resources | Dedicated resources | Dedicated resources |
| Control | Limited control over network configuration and security | Full control over network configuration and security | Full control over network configuration and security |
| Use Cases | General-purpose internet access, mobile broadband, IoT | Industrial automation, smart cities, public safety | Industrial automation, smart cities, public safety, healthcare |
| Benefits | Wide coverage, high-speed data rates, low cost | High-speed data rates, low latency, secure connectivity, customization, flexibility | High-speed data rates, low latency, secure connectivity, customization, flexibility, improved productivity |
| Drawbacks | Potential for congestion and interference, limited customization, limited security | Higher cost, limited coverage, complexity in deployment and management | Higher cost, limited coverage, complexity in deployment and management, limited standardization and interoperability |
| Latency | Higher latency due to shared resources | Low latency | Very low latency |
| Security | Basic security | Enhanced security with dedicated resources | Enhanced security with dedicated resources |
| Customization | Limited customization | High level of customization | High level of customization |
| Deployment Cost | Low | High | Very high |
| Coverage | Wide, extensive | Limited to specific areas | Limited to specific areas |
| Interference | Higher potential due to shared spectrum | Lower potential with dedicated spectrum | Lower potential with dedicated spectrum |
| Standardization | High (widely adopted standards) | Good (emerging standards, but more established than 5G) | Limited (still developing standards and interoperability) |
Decoding the Network Secrets in Private LTE Network Architecture
A overview of the main components and architecture of a private LTE network
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
The EPC is the core component of an LTE network, responsible for managing data traffic, mobility, and security. It consists of several key elements:
- Mobility Management Entity (MME): Handles signaling related to mobility and session management.
- Serving Gateway (SGW): Routes and forwards user data packets.
- Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW): Connects the LTE network to external IP networks, enforcing quality of service (QoS) and security policies.
- Home Subscriber Server (HSS): Stores subscriber information and authentication data.
Evolved Node B (eNodeB)
The eNodeB is the base station in an LTE network, providing radio access to user equipment (UE) such as smartphones, tablets, and IoT devices. It handles radio resource management, encryption, and transmission of user data.
User Equipment (UE)
UE refers to any device that connects to the LTE network, including smartphones, tablets, IoT devices, and specialized communication devices. Each UE is identified by a unique International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and is authenticated by the network before access is granted.
Backhaul Network
The backhaul network connects the eNodeBs to the EPC, typically using high-capacity wired or wireless links. It ensures that data from the eNodeBs is transmitted efficiently to the core network and vice versa.
Radio Access Network (RAN)
The RAN encompasses the eNodeBs and their associated radio frequency (RF) spectrum. It provides the wireless interface between the UE and the core network, handling functions like radio resource allocation and interference management.
Network Know-How: Demystifying How the Private LTE Network Works?
Network Initialization
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Spectrum Allocation
The organization acquires a dedicated spectrum, either through licensing from regulatory bodies or using shared/unlicensed spectrum bands such as CBRS in the US.
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Network Planning and Deployment
Network engineers plan the placement of eNodeBs (base stations) to ensure adequate coverage and capacity. The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) components are configured and deployed, typically in an on-premises data center or a private cloud.
Connecting User Equipment (UE)
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Device Registration
User devices (UE) such as smartphones, tablets, IoT devices, and other LTE-capable equipment are registered with the network. Each device is identified by its International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
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Authentication
When a UE attempts to connect, it sends an attach request to the nearest eNodeB. The eNodeB forwards this request to the Mobility Management Entity (MME) in the EPC, which authenticates the UE using the Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
Network Operation
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Radio Access Network (RAN)
The eNodeB manages the radio interface, allocating radio resources and ensuring efficient spectrum utilization. It handles handovers between cells to maintain seamless connectivity as UEs move within the coverage area.
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Data Transmission
Once authenticated, the UE establishes a data session with the Serving Gateway (SGW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW) in the EPC. The SGW routes data packets between the eNodeB and the PGW. The PGW connects the LTE network to external IP networks, enforcing quality of service (QoS) and security policies.
Quality of Service (QoS) and Security
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QoS Management
The network prioritizes traffic based on predefined QoS policies, ensuring critical applications receive the necessary bandwidth and low latency.
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Encryption and Security
Data transmitted over the air is encrypted to prevent eavesdropping. The EPC enforces security policies, including firewall rules and access control, to protect the network from unauthorized access and cyber threats.
What is CBRS? Understand how CBRS is Elevating Private LTE Connectivity
The Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) was introduced in 2015 as a shared spectrum band for commercial use. It was officially rolled out in the United States,when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) authorized full commercial deployment in January 2020. The CBRS ecosystem is managed by the CBRS Alliance, a consortium of companies and organizations.
It is a 150 MHz band of radio-frequency spectrum from 3550 MHz to 3700 MHz. It is commonly known as 3.5 GHz band or Band 48, designated for data sharing among different users including commercial and private networks. It is also useful for deploying 4G LTE and 5G networks within your enterprise.
CBRS is a shared spectrum band, meaning that multiple users can access the same frequency band, but with different levels of priority and access. CBRS has a priority access mechanism, which ensures that critical infrastructure and public safety communications have priority access to the spectrum.
CBRS uses a dynamic spectrum sharing framework that allows different types of users to coexist. This framework includes three tiers of users:
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Incumbent Access
This tier includes existing federal users, such as military radar operations, and fixed satellite services. These users have the highest priority and are protected from interference.
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Priority Access License (PAL)
This tier consists of users who have purchased licenses for specific frequencies within the band. PALs have priority over the General Authorized Access (GAA) users but must not interfere with incumbent users.
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General Authorized Access (GAA)
This tier allows for opportunistic use of the spectrum without a license, as long as it does not interfere with incumbent or PAL users.
Closing Notes
The rise of private LTE networks represents a paradigm shift in how organizations approach their communication and connectivity needs. As we look to the future, the convergence of private LTE with emerging technologies like 5G, edge computing, and advanced analytics promises to redefine the boundaries of what's possible. Organizations that stay ahead of the curve and proactively invest in these solutions will gain a competitive edge, enabling them to adapt to the ever-changing demands of the digital age.
Amusing Tech Chronicles
Facts and Anecdotes Related to this Edition of Wireless By Design
Personal Fitness Trainer
Think of Private LTE as hiring a personal fitness trainer who creates a workout plan specifically for you, monitors your progress, and ensures you are working out safely. Similarly a Private LTE network delivers customized and secure communication tailored to an organization’s specific needs.
Gated Community
Think of Private LTE as a gated community where only residents and approved visitors can enter to ensure safety and privacy. Similarly, a Private LTE network is a secure and private communication environment, offering controlled access and specialized services exclusive to the organization.
Custom-Built House
Consider Private LTE like a custom house designed exactly to your specifications, with the layout, features, and security systems that you need. Just as a custom-built house is designed to meet specific requirements, a Private LTE network is customized to provide the connectivity and security features necessary for an organization’s operations.
Cavli IoT Connectivity Modules for Private LTE
Cavli IoT Connectivity Modules enable your business to build robust, private enterprise networks with a versatile range of technologies, including Cat 1, Cat 4, and 5G, tailored for high-speed, reliable, and secure IoT connectivity. With Cavli’s modules, you can seamlessly power critical IoT deployments—even in remote or complex business networks —ensuring optimal performance, scalability, and resilience.
Go Beyond and Explore
Private LTE networks provide enterprises with significant advantages over public networks, particularly in terms of control, security, and scalability. Here's a concise overview of their key benefits:
- Enhanced Security: Data remains within the dedicated infrastructure of a private LTE network, minimizing exposure to security threats and unauthorized access, which is critical for sensitive or critical operations.
- Customized Coverage: Enterprises can tailor network coverage and capacity with private LTE networks to specific geographic and operational needs, especially useful in remote or challenging environments where public networks might fall short.
- Predictable Performance: Private LTE networks ensure consistent bandwidth, lower latency, and higher reliability, crucial for applications needing real-time data transfer, like manufacturing automation or autonomous vehicles.
- Control and Compliance: Private LTE networks allow complete control over network traffic with service prioritization, quality of service settings, and adherence to regulatory requirements, and data sovereignty by keeping data on-premises.
- Scalability and Flexibility: LTE networks can be scaled as needed, adding or reducing coverage or capacity without relying on external providers. They support a wide range of IoT applications and devices, offering high flexibility.
- Cost Efficiency: Despite higher initial setup costs compared to public networks, private LTE networks can be more cost-effective in the long run due to predictable operational expenses and no recurring subscription fees.
- Improved Resource Management: Enterprises can optimize private LTE network performance for critical applications, ensuring that less critical applications do not consume excessive bandwidth.
A Wi-Fi network is a wireless local area network (WLAN) that uses radio waves to provide high-speed internet and network connections. Introduced in 1997, Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Wi-Fi operates on radio frequency bands, 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz bands. The latest version, Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) working on 6 GHz, offers significant improvements compared to its previous generations.
Private LTE is unlikely to completely replace Wi-Fi networks, but it is becoming an increasingly popular alternative because of some limitations.
- The typical indoor range of a Wi-Fi network is around 100-150 feet (30-45 meters) from the access point. Wi-Fi operates on unlicensed spectrum, which can be more prone to interference and congestion. The signal can be affected by interference from other devices operating on the same frequencies or obstructions like walls or floors, leading to reduced speeds or connectivity issues.
- Additionally, even though Wi-Fi networks provide security features like WPA3, being on an unlicensed spectrum means it’s more susceptible to interference and security risks from other nearby networks.
Private LTE networks offer enhanced connectivity for diverse sectors, ensuring reliable, secure, and scalable communication. Key use cases where private LTE is used include:
- Industrial Automation: LTE networks facilitate real-time control and IoT integration in manufacturing.
- Transportation and Logistics: LTE networks support real-time tracking and operations in hubs like airports and ports.
- Smart Cities: It powers public safety, traffic management, and environmental monitoring.
- Public Safety: LTE networks are used for dedicated networks for emergency services.
- Healthcare: Private LTE networks ensure secure communication for patient care and telemedicine.
Private LTE networks are particularly valuable in environments where traditional Wi-Fi and public cellular networks fall short in coverage, security, or capacity.
Authors
Drishya Manohar
Sr. Associate - Content Marketing
Cavli Wireless
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